Blog

Artificial Intelligence Applications in The Diagnosis and Treatment of Radiation-Induced Hypothyroidism in Cancer Patients

Book Title: AI Horizons – Exploring Multidisciplinary Frontiers (Volume 4)

Editors: Dr. Shweta A. Bansal and Dr. Charu Chhabra (PT)

ISBN: 978-81-984464-6-6

Chapter: 12

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59646/aihc12/305

Authors: Habiba Sundus, Sohrab Ahmad Khan, Zoheb Alam Khan, Amaan Ali Khan

Abstract

Radiation-induced hypothyroidism is one of the severe complications affecting cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Recent studies have focused on the use of artificial intelligence in diagnosing and treating radiation-induced hypothyroidism including random forests, decision trees etc, in identifying key predictors of thyroid dysfunction post-radiation therapy. Factors such as age, gender, thyroid volume and radiation dose metrics have been identified as critical determinants influencing the risk of developing hypothyroidism. Advancements in AI provide early diagnosis, predictive modelling and optimized treatment strategies.

References

  1. Langendijk JA, Doornaert P, Verdonck-de Leeuw IM, Leemans CR, Aaronson NK, Slotman BJ. Impact of late treatment-related toxicity on quality of life among patients with head and neck cancer treated with radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:3770–6.
  2. Mercado G, Adelstein DJ, Saxton JP, Secic M, Larto MA, Lavertu P. Hypothyroidism. A frequent event after radiotherapy and after radiotherapy with chemotherapy for patients with head and neck carcinoma. Cancer 2001;92:2892–7.
  3. Tell R, Lundell G, Nilsson B, Sjodin H, Lewin F, Lewensohn R. Long-term incidence of hypothyroidism after radiotherapy in patients with head-andneck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004;60:395–400.
  4. Vanderpump MPJ, Tunbridge WMG. Epidemiology and prevention of clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism. Thyroid 2002;12:839–47.
  5. Zulewski H, Muller B, Exer P, Miserez AR, Staub JJ. Estimation of tissue hypothyroidism by a new clinical score: evaluation of patients with various grades of hypothyroidism and controls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82: 771–6.
  6. Hancock SL, McDougall IR, Constine LS. Thyroid abnormalities after therapeutic external radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1995;31:1165-70.
  7. Jereczek-Fossa BA, Alterio D, Jassem J, Gibelli B, Tradati N, Orecchia R. Radiotherapy-induced thyroid disorders. Cancer Treat Rev 2004;30:369-84.
  8. Bakhshandeh M, Hashemi B, Mahdavi SR, Nikoofar A, Edraki HR, Kazemnejad A. Evaluation of thyroid disorders during head-and-neck radiotherapy by using functional analysis and ultrasonography. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012;83:198- 203.
  9. Lo Galbo AM, Kuik DJ, Lips P, et al. A prospective longitudinal study on endocrine dysfunction following treatment of laryngeal or hypopharyngeal carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2013;49:950-5.
  10. Carr RF, LiVolsi VA. Morphologic changes in the thyroid after irradiation for Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Cancer 1989;64:825-9.
  11. Zhou L, Chen J, Tao CJ, Chen M, Yu ZH, Chen YY. Research progress of radiation-induced hypothyroidism in head and neck cancer. J Cancer. 2021 Jan 1;12(2):451-459.
  12. Prayongrat A, Lertbutsayanukul C. Hypothyroidism after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Annals of Nasopharynx Cancer. 2020 Jun 30;4.
  13. Miller MC, Agrawal A. Hypothyroidism in postradiation head and neck cancer patients: incidence, complications, and management. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;17(2):111–5.
  14. Diaz R, Jaboin JJ, Morales-Paliza M, Koehler E, Phillips JG, Stinson S, et al. Hypothyroidism as a consequence of intensity-modulated radiotherapy with concurrent taxane-based chemotherapy for locally advanced head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010;77(2):468–76.
  15. Wu YH, Wang HM, Chen HH, Lin CY, Chen EY, Fan KH, et al. Hypothyroidism after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal cancer patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010;76(4):1133–9.
  16. Vogelius IR, Bentzen SM, Maraldo MV, Petersen PM, Specht L. Risk factors for radiation-induced hypothyroidism: a literature-based meta-analysis. Cancer. 2011;117(23):5250–60.
  17. Colevas AD, Read R, Thornhill J, Adak S, Tishler R, Busse P, et al. Hypothyroidism incidence after multimodality treatment for stage III and IV squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;51(3):599–604.
  18. Rønjom MF, Brink C, Bentzen SM, Hegedüs L, Overgaard J, Petersen JB, Primdahl H, Johansen J (2015) External validation of a normal tissue complication probability model for radiation-induced hypothyroidism in an independent cohort. Acta Oncol 5:1301–1309.
  19. Agate L, Mariotti S, Elisei R, Mossa P, Pacini F, Molinaro E, Grasso L, Masserini L, Mokhort T, Vorontsova T, Arynchyn A, Tronko MD, Tsyb A, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Juul A, Pinchera A. Thyroid autoantibodies and thyroid function in subjects exposed to Chernobyl fallout during childhood: evidence for a transient radiation-induced elevation of serum thyroid antibodies without an increase in thyroid autoimmune disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Jul;93(7):2729-36.
  20. Turner SL, Tiver KW, Boyages SC. Thyroid dysfunction following radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1994;31:279–83.
  21. Cutuli Quentin P, Rodier J-F, Barakat P, Grob J-C. Severe hypothyroidism after chemotherapy and locoregional irradiation for breast cancer. Radiother Oncol 2000;57:103–5.
  22. Kwon, M.-R., Shin, J., Park, H., Cho, H., Hahn, S., Park, K.: Radiomics study of thyroid ultrasound for predicting braf mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma: preliminary results. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 41(4), 700–705 (2020)
  23. Chen, D., Hu, J., Zhu, M., Tang, N., Yang, Y., Feng, Y.: Diagnosis of thyroid nodules for ultrasonographic characteristics indicative of malignancy using random forest. BioData mining 13(1), 1–21 (2020)
  24. Idarraga, A.J., Luong, G., Hsiao, V., Schneider, D.F.: False negative rates in benign thyroid nodule diagnosis: Machine learning for detecting malignancy. J. Surg. Res. 268, 562–569 (2021)
  25. Aversano, L., Bernardi, M.L., Cimitile, M., Iammarino, M., Macchia, P.E., Nettore, I.C., Verdone, C.: Thyroid disease treatment prediction with machine learning approaches. Procedia Computer Science 192, 1031–1040 (2021)
  26. Lomana, M., Weber, A.G., Birk, B., Landsiedel, R., Achenbach, J., Schleifer, K.-J., Mathea, M., Kirchmair, J.: In silico models to predict the perturbation of molecular initiating events related to thyroid hormone homeostasis. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 34(2), 396–411 (2020)
  27. Chaganti, R., Rustam, F., De La Torre Díez, I., Mazón, J.L.V., Rodríguez, C.L., Ashraf, I.: Thyroid disease prediction using selective features and machine learning techniques. Cancers 14(16), 3914 (2022)
  28. Gupta, P., Rustam, F., Kanwal, K. et al. Detecting Thyroid Disease Using Optimized Machine Learning Model Based on Differential Evolution. Int J Comput Intell Syst 17, 3 (2024).
  29. Chang Y., Paul A.K., Kim N., Baek J.H., Choi Y.J., Ha E.J., Lee K.D., Lee H.S., Shin D., Kim N. Computer-aided diagnosis for classifying benign versus malignant thyroid nodules based on ultrasound images: A comparison with radiologist-based assessments. Med. Phys. 2016;43:554–567.
  30. Zhao C.-K., Ren T.-T., Yin Y.-F., Shi H., Wang H.-X., Zhou B.-Y., Wang X.-R., Li X., Zhang Y.-F., Liu C., et al. A Comparative Analysis of Two Machine Learning-Based Diagnostic Patterns with Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System for Thyroid Nodules: Diagnostic Performance and Unnecessary Biopsy Rate. Thyroid. 2021;31:470–481.
  31. Park V., Han K., Seong Y.K., Park M.H., Kim E.-K., Moon H.J., Yoon J.H., Kwak J.Y. Diagnosis of Thyroid Nodules: Performance of a Deep Learning Convolutional Neural Network Model vs. Radiologists. Sci. Rep. 2019;9:1–9.
  32. Verburg F., Reiners C. Sonographic diagnosis of thyroid cancer with support of AI. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 2019;15:319–321.
  33. Aziz, R., Siddiqui, A., Sundus, H., Jawed, F., & Khan, S. A. (2024). Innovations in Robotic-Assisted Physiotherapy: Enhancing Rehabilitation and Recovery. In S. Baral & R. Goel (Eds.), Analyzing Current Digital Healthcare Trends Using Social Networks (pp. 125-142). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-1934-5.ch007
  34. Peng S., Liu Y., Lv W., Liu L., Zhou Q., Yang H., Ren J., Liu G., Wang X., Zhang X., et al. Deep learning-based artificial intelligence model to assist thyroid nodule diagnosis and management: A multicentre diagnostic study. Lancet Digit. Health. 2021;3:e250–e259. 
  35. Naqvi WM, Sundus H, Mishra G, Muthukrishnan R, Kandakurti PK. AI in medical education curriculum: the future of healthcare learning. European Journal of Therapeutics. 2024 Jan 30;30(2):e23-5.
  36. Youssef M, Elmaraghi C, Kamel T, El‐Leithy M, Abdelhakim K. Incidence and predictive factors of radiation‐induced hypothyroidism in breast cancer patients who receive supraclavicular lymph nodes irradiation: A prospective study. Precision Radiation Oncology. 2022 Dec;6(4):298-305.