Book Title: Modern Forensic Tools and Devices: Trends in Criminal Investigation
Editors: Mr. Ravi Kumar, Ms. Nandini Katare, Don Caeiro, and Dr. Surbhi Girdhar
Chapter: 3
DOI: https://doi.org/10.59646/658/3
Author: Jinju Mariam Immanuel
Abstract
Forensic DNA analysis often recognized as DNA profiling or fingerprinting, has become an indispensable tool in forensic science, fundamentally transforming criminal investigations over the past three decades. This powerful technique provides an unparalleled level of accuracy in identifying suspects, exonerating the innocent, and aiding in the resolution of cold cases. Since its initial discovery, DNA fingerprinting has seen extensive application in forensic contexts, being widely accepted in legal systems globally for various purposes including the identification of perpetrators in violent crimes, paternity disputes, and the identification of human remains (Kampmann et al., 2024). The evolution of forensic DNA analysis has been marked by significant technological advancements, moving from rudimentary methods to highly sophisticated techniques capable of analyzing even minute and degraded samples. These advancements have not only enhanced the discrimination power and sensitivity of DNA profiling methods but have also significantly increased the speed and efficiency with which DNA evidence can be processed. The development of multiplex short tandem repeat profiling, for instance, has greatly improved the ability to generate comprehensive DNA profiles from trace amounts of genetic material, thereby enhancing the success rate in identifying individuals and resolving complex cases. Emerging technologies, including next-generation sequencing, rapid DNA analysis, and the integration of artificial intelligence, are poised to further revolutionize forensic DNA analysis by accelerating precision and extending its applications to highly degraded samples and complex mixtures. This chapter will delve into these technological advancements, examining their underlying principles, applications, and the profound impact they have had on the evidentiary value of DNA in judicial proceedings (Andersen et al., 2024). Furthermore, we will explore the challenges associated with these new methodologies, such as data security and ethical considerations, which are critical for their responsible integration into forensic workflows (Muhammad, 2025). Finally, this chapter will also address the future directions of DNA profiling, anticipating how continuous innovation will further shape the landscape of criminal investigations and human identification.