Book Title: Modern Forensic Tools and Devices: Trends in Criminal Investigation
Editors: Mr. Ravi Kumar, Ms. Nandini Katare, Don Caeiro, and Dr. Surbhi Girdhar
Chapter: 7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.59646/658/7
Author: Sandarbh Dwivedi
Abstract
Forensic ballistics, a cornerstone of criminal investigations for nearly a century, traditionally involves the meticulous examination of firearms, fired bullets, and cartridge cases to identify unique characteristics imparted during discharge. This interdisciplinary field relies on observable patterns and microscopic striations to link specific weapons to ballistic evidence, playing a crucial role in reconstructing crime scenes and providing vital evidence in legal proceedings. However, recent advancements in imaging technologies are revolutionizing forensic ballistics, moving beyond conventional 2D analysis to offer more comprehensive and precise methodologies for evidence interpretation (Guarnera et al., 2022). These cutting-edge techniques, encompassing computed tomography, micro-CT, and photogrammetry, enable unprecedented three-dimensional visualization and analysis of ballistic evidence, facilitating more objective and detailed examinations that overcome limitations inherent in traditional optical tools. This paradigm shift allows for enhanced documentation of ballistic trajectories, bullet fragmentation, and residue analysis, providing superior insights into the dynamics of firearm-related incidents. This integration of advanced imaging not only refines the accuracy of weapon identification through the detailed study of cartridge cases and bullets but also offers novel approaches for virtually analyzing projectiles lodged within remains, thereby augmenting both the investigative and reconstructive capabilities within forensic science. Such technological advancements are particularly critical in cases involving complex firearm designs, including hybrid and 3D-printed weapons, where traditional methods may prove insufficient for comprehensive analysis. The increasing complexity of firearms, including those fabricated with additive manufacturing techniques, necessitates the adoption of micro-CT scanning to comprehensively assess internal structures and operational viability prior to destructive testing (Goia et al., 2024). This non-destructive approach preserves the integrity of the evidence while generating detailed digital records that can be subsequently used for courtroom presentations, effectively communicating complex firearm mechanisms to non-technical audiences.